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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></u></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black;"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEyUU" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> dijelaskan bahwa Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan
terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta
didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan
spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia,
serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara
(Pasal 1 Ayat 1), dan Pendidikan Nasional adalah pendidikan yang berdasarkan
Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 yang berakar
pada nilai-nilai agama, kebudayaan nasional Indonesia dan tanggap terhadap
tuntutan perubahan zaman (Pasal 1 Ayat 2).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Berikut ini penjelasan 8 Standar Nasional
Pendidikan Indonesia:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">1. Standar Kompetensi
Lulusan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Standar Kompetensi Lulusan untuk
satuan pendidikan dasar dan menengah digunakan sebagai pedoman penilaian dalam
menentukan kelulusan peserta didik. Standar Kompetensi Lulusan tersebut
meliputi standar kompetensi lulusan minimal satuan pendidikan dasar dan
menengah, standar kompetensi lulusan minimal kelompok mata pelajaran, dan
standar kompetensi lulusan minimal mata pelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEyff" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Panduan Umum
Penyusunan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan Jenjang
Pendidikan Dasar Dan Menengah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEyhM" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 23 Tahun 2006</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Kompetensi Lulusan (SKL) untuk
Satuan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEyik" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 24 Tahun 2006</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Pelaksanaan Standar Isi dan Standar
Kompetensi Lulusan untuk Satuan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEykK" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 6 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Perubahan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan
Nasional Nomor 24 Tahun 2006 tentang Pelaksanaan Peraturan Menteri
Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 22 Tahun 2006 tentang Standar Isi Untuk Satuan
Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah dan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional
Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Standar Kompetensi Lulusan Untuk Satuan
Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">2. Standar Isi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Standar Isi mencakup lingkup
materi minimal dan tingkat kompetensi minimal untuk mencapai kompetensi lulusan
minimal pada jenjang dan jenis pendidikan tertentu. Standar isi tersebut memuat
kerangka dasar dan struktur kurikulum, beban belajar, kurikulum tingkat satuan
pendidikan, dan kalender pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEyyG" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 22 Tahun 2006</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Isi untuk Satuan Pendidikan
Dasar dan Menengah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEz05" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor
14 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Isi untuk Program Paket A,
Program Paket B dan Program Paket C<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">3. Standar Proses</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses pembelajaran pada satuan
pendidikan diselenggarakan secara interaktif, inspiratif, menyenangkan,
menantang, memotivasi peserta didik untuk berpartisipasi aktif, serta
memberikan ruang yang cukup bagi prakarsa, kreativitas, dan kemandirian sesuai
dengan bakat, minat, dan perkembangan fisik serta psikologis peserta didik.
Selain itu, dalam proses pembelajaran pendidik memberikan keteladanan. Setiap
satuan pendidikan melakukan perencanaan proses pembelajaran, pelaksanaan proses
pembelajaran, penilaian hasil pembelajaran, dan pengawasan proses pembelajaran
untuk terlaksananya proses pembelajaran yang efektif dan efisien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEzJY" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 41 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Proses untuk Satuan Pendidikan
Dasar dan Menengah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEzcM" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 3 Tahun 2008</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Proses Pendidikan Kesetaraan
Program Paket A, Program Paket B, dan Program Paket C<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">4. Standar Pendidik
dan Tenaga Kependidikan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendidik harus memiliki
kualifikasi akademik dan kompetensi sebagai agen pembelajaran, sehat jasmani
dan rohani, serta memiliki kemampuan untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan
nasional. Kualifikasi akademik yang dimaksudkan di atas adalah tingkat
pendidikan minimal yang harus dipenuhi oleh seorang pendidik yang dibuktikan
dengan ijazah dan/atau sertifikat keahlian yang relevan sesuai ketentuan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Kompetensi sebagai agen pembelajaran pada
jenjang pendidikan dasar dan menengah serta pendidikan anak usia dini meliputi:
Kompetensi Pedagogik, Kompetensi Kepribadian, Kompetensi Profesional, dan
Kompetensi Sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pendidik meliputi pendidik pada
TK/RA, SD/MI, SMP/MTs, SMA/MA, SDLB/SMPLB/SMALB, SMK/MAK, satuan pendidikan
Paket A, Paket B dan Paket C, dan pendidik pada lembaga kursus dan pelatihan.
Tenaga kependidikan meliputi kepala sekolah/madrasah, pengawas satuan
pendidikan, tenaga administrasi, tenaga perpustakaan, tenaga laboratorium,
teknisi, pengelola kelompok belajar, pamong belajar, dan tenaga kebersihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEzf" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 12 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Pengawas Sekolah/Madrasah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEzrB" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 13 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Kepala Sekolah/Madrasah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEztU" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 16 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Kualifikasi Akademik dan Kompetensi Guru<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEzvA" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 24 Tahun 2008</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Tenaga Administrasi Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEzxT" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 25 Tahun 2008</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Tenaga Perpustakaan Sekolah/Madrasah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AEzzS" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 27 Tahun 2008</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Kulifikasi Akademik dan Kompetensi Konselor<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF01T" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 40 Tahun 2009</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Penguji pada Kursus dan Pelatihan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF03U" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 41 Tahun 2009</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Kualifikasi Pembimbing pada Kursus dan Pelatihan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF06c" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 42 Tahun 2009</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Pengelola Kursus dan Pelatihan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF08Z" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 43 Tahun 2009</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Tenaga Administrasi Pendidikan pada Program Paket A, Paket
B, dan Paket C<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF0Av" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas Nomor 44 Tahun 2009</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
tentang Standar Pengelola Pendidikan pada Program Paket A, Paket B, dan
Paket C<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">5. Standar Sarana dan
Prasarana</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap satuan pendidikan wajib
memiliki sarana yang meliputi perabot, peralatan pendidikan, media pendidikan,
buku dan sumber belajar lainnya, bahan habis pakai, serta perlengkapan lain
yang diperlukan untuk menunjang proses pembelajaran yang teratur dan berkelanjutan.
Setiap satuan pendidikan wajib memiliki prasarana yang meliputi lahan, ruang
kelas, ruang pimpinan satuan pendidikan, ruang pendidik, ruang tata usaha,
ruang perpustakaan, ruang laboratorium, ruang bengkel kerja, ruang unit
produksi, ruang kantin, instalasi daya dan jasa, tempat berolahraga, tempat
beribadah, tempat bermain, tempat berkreasi, dan ruang/tempat lain yang
diperlukan untuk menunjang proses pembelajaran yang teratur dan berkelanjutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF0DE" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 24 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Sarana dan Prasarana untuk
Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (SD/MI), Sekolah Menengah
Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah (SMP/MTs), dan Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah
Aliyah (SMA/MA)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF0Eo" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 33 Tahun 2008</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Sarana Prasarana untuk Sekolah
Luar Biasa<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF0Gh" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 40 Tahun 2008</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Sarana Prasarana untuk Sekolah
Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) dan Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (MAK)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">6. Standar
Pengelolaan Pendidikan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Standar Pengelolaan terdiri dari
3 (tiga) bagian, yakni standar pengelolaan oleh satuan pendidikan, standar
pengelolaan oleh Pemerintah Daerah dan standar pengelolaan oleh Pemerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF0Id" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 19 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Pengelolaan Pendidikan oleh
Satuan Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">7. Standar Pembiayaan
Pendidikan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembiayaan pendidikan terdiri
atas biaya investasi, biaya operasi, dan biaya personal. Biaya investasi satuan
pendidikan meliputi biaya penyediaan sarana dan prasarana, pengembangan
sumberdaya manusia, dan modal kerja tetap. Biaya personal meliputi biaya
pendidikan yang harus dikeluarkan oleh peserta didik untuk bisa mengikuti
proses pembelajaran secara teratur dan berkelanjutan. Biaya operasi satuan
pendidikan meliputi: Gaji pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan serta segala
tunjangan yang melekat pada gaji, Bahan atau peralatan pendidikan habis pakai,
dan Biaya operasi pendidikan tak langsung berupa daya, air, jasa
telekomunikasi, pemeliharaan sarana dan prasarana, uang lembur, transportasi,
konsumsi, pajak, asuransi, dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF0Ks" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 69 Tahun 2009</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Biaya Operasi Nonpersonalia
Tahun 2009 Untuk Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (SD/MI), Sekolah
Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah (SMP/MTs), Sekolah Menengah
Atas/Madrasah Aliyah (SMA/MA), Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK), Sekolah
Dasar Luar Biasa (SDLB), Sekolah Menengah Pertama Luar Biasa (SMPLB), Dan
Sekolah Menengah Atas Luar Biasa (SMALB)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">8. Standar Penilaian
Pendidikan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penilaian pendidikan pada jenjang
pendidikan dasar dan menengah terdiri atas: Penilaian hasil belajar oleh
pendidik, Penilaian hasil belajar oleh satuan pendidikan, dan Penilaian hasil
belajar oleh Pemerintah. Penilaian pendidikan pada jenjang pendidikan tinggi
terdiri atas: Penilaian hasil belajar oleh pendidik, dan Penilaian hasil
belajar oleh satuan pendidikan tinggi. Penilaian pendidikan pada jenjang
pendidikan tinggi sebagaimana dimaksud di atas diatur oleh masing-masing
perguruan tinggi sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://adf.ly/AF0Mr" target="blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permendiknas
Nomor 20 Tahun 2007</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> tentang Standar Penilaian Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Untuk
mewujudkan cita-cita luhur tesebut, pemerintah menetapkan 8 Standar Nasional
Pendidikan Indonesia yang menjadi pedoman bagi Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan
untuk mengembangkan kemampuan dan membentuk watak serta peradaban bangsa yang
bermartabat dalam rangka mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur
alkali adalah unsur-unsur golongan 1A dalam tabel unsur, yaitu Li (litium),
Na(natrium), K ( kalium), Rb (rubidium), Cs ( sesium), dan fr ( fransium ).
Fransium merupakan zatradioaktif. Semuanya merupakan unsur logam yang
lunak ( mudah diiris dengan pisau ). Padasaat logam dibersihkan, terlihat warna
logam putih mengkilap ( seperti perak ).Disebut logam alkali karena
oksidanya mudah larut dalam air dan menghasilkan larutanyang bersifat basa
(alkalis). Semua logam alkali sangat reaktif sehingga di alam tidak pernah
diperoleh dalamkeadaan bebas. Di alam terdapat dalam bentuk senyawa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-Sifat
Unsur Logam Alkali</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Sifat
Periodik dan Fisika Unsur Logam Alkali</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Sifat unsur logam alkali terutama ditentukan oleh kecendrungannya melepaskan
satu elektron. Perbedaan sifat unsur yang satu dengan yang lain menunjukkan
keteraturan dari atas ke bawah dalam sistem periodik, seperti terlihat pada
tabel di bawah ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 0.75pt; width: 630px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">UNSUR</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 41.95pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Li</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 45.05pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 43.5pt;" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rb</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">55</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cs</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 40.3pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">87</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fr</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Konfigurasi elektron</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 256.4pt;" width="342"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[G]
ns<sup>1</sup></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Massa atom</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 256.4pt;" width="342"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape alt="http://bebas.ui.ac.id/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Kimia/Image/Panah%20Kanan" id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 43.5pt; width: 205.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Jari-jari atom (n.m)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Keelektronegatifan</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 256.4pt;" width="342"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rendah
(antara 0.7 - 1.0)<br />
<v:shape alt="http://bebas.ui.ac.id/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Kimia/Image/Panah%20Kiri" id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 43.5pt; width: 205.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"></v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
atas suhu kamar (antara 28.7<sup>o</sup> - 180.5<sup>o</sup>)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Suhu lebur (<sup>o</sup>C)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Energi ionisasi (kJ/mol)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 256.4pt;" width="342"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape alt="http://bebas.ui.ac.id/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Kimia/Image/Panah%20Kiri" id="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 43.5pt; width: 205.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br />
<br />
Antara 376 - 519</v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Potensial oksidasi (volt)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="6" style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 256.4pt;" width="342"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape alt="http://bebas.ui.ac.id/v12/sponsor/Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Kimia/Image/Panah%20Kanan" id="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 43.5pt; width: 205.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><br />
Positif, antara 2.71 - 3.02 (reduktor)</v:shape></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 121.6pt;" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Bilangan oksidasi</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 41.95pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 45.05pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 40.4pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 43.5pt;" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 45.2pt;" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 40.3pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">+1</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.5pt;">
<td colspan="7" style="height: 37.5pt; padding: 0in; width: 5.25in;" width="504"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Catatan :<br />
[G] = unsur-unsur gas mulia (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)<br />
n = nomor perioda (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)<br />
→ = makin besar sesuai dengan arah panah</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
lebih jelasnya, dipaparkan pada tabel di bawah ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 769px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari-jari
Atom (Ǻ)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keelektro-negatifan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Energi
Ionisasi (kJ/mol)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Potensial
reduksi (Volt)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerapatan
(g/mL)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik
Didih (<sup>o</sup>C)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik
leleh (<sup>o</sup>C)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Li</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,52</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,98</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">520,2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-3,045</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,534</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.347</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">180,54</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,86</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,93</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">495,8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2,7109</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,971</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">903,8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">97,81</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,27</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,82</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">418,8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2,924</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,862</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">774</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">63,65</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rb</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,47</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,82</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">403,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2,925</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,532</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">688</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">38,89</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.85pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.15pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,65</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,79</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">375,7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-2,923</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,878</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">678,4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">28,40</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Berdasarkan tabel di atas dapat dijelaskan sebagai
berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konfigurasi
elektron valensi logam alkali adalah ns<sup>1</sup> yang berarti terletak pada
golongan IA dalam sistem periodik dan menempati blok s. Logam alkali mempunyai
satu elektron valensi sehingga mudah melepaskan satu elektron dan membentuk ion
positif bervalensi satu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">L →
L<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>-</sup> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecenderungan
sifat logam alkali sangat teratur. Dari atas ke bawah secara berurutan semakin
besar :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jari-jari atom</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">massa atom </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sifat reduktor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">massa jenis
(kerapatan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara
itu, Dari atas ke bawah secara berurutan semakin kecil :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">energi ionisasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">afinitas elektron</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">keelektronegatifan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">titik leleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">titik didih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik
leleh yang cukup rendah menunjukkan bahwa logam alkali merupakan logam yang
lunak. Lunaknya logam bertambah dengan bertambahnya nomor atom. Dalam satu
golongan dari atas ke bawah jari-jari atom bertambah besar sehingga jarak
antara inti dengan elektron kulit terluar bertambah besar. Dengan demikian
besarnya energi untuk melepas elektron valensinya (energi ionisasi) semakin
kecil. dengan semakin kecil harga energi ionisasi maka dari atas ke bawah ( Li
ke Cs ) semakin besar kereaktifannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
logam alkali memiliki titik leleh dan titik didih diatas suhu ruangan. Semua
unsurnya berwujud padat pada suhu ruangan, kecuali cesium. Jika suhu lingkungan
pada saat pengukuran melebihi 28<sup>o</sup>C unsur ini akan berwujud cair.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B. Sifat
Kimia Unsur Logam Alkali</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Kereaktifan Logam Alkali</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Energi ionisasi logam alkali relatif rendah dibandingkan unsur logam yang lain
sehingga termasuk logam yang sangat rektif. Kereaktifan logam alkali dibuktikan
dengan kemudahannya bereaksi dengan air, unsur-unsur halogen, hidrogen, oksigen
dan belerang. Maka logam ini harus disimpan di dalam cairan senyawa
hidrokarbon, seperti minyak tanah. Yang paling reaktif adalah cesium dan yang
kurang reaktif adalah litium. Hal ini dikarenakan kereaktifan logam alkali
bertambah dari atas ke bawah dalam sistem periodik. Karena kereaktifannya,
unsur alkali tidak ditemukan dalam keadaan bebas di alam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.8pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan jari-jari dengan kereaktifan logam alkali dalam satu
golongan dari atas ke bawah jari-jari atom bertambah besar sehingga jarak
antara inti dengan elektron kulit terluar bertambah besar. Dengan demikian
besarnya energi untuk melepas elektron valensinya (energi ionisasi) semakin
kecil. Dengan semakin kecil harga energi ionisasi maka dari atas ke bawah
( Li ke Cs ) semakin besar kereaktifannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.
Sifat Logam dan Basa Alkali</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Logam alkali dapat bereaksi dengan air membentuk basa kuat (LOH). Semakin ke
bawah sifat basa logam alkali semakin kuat. Hal ini dikarenakan dari atas ke
bawah dalam sistem periodik semakin mudah untuk direduksi. Dan sifat logamnya
semakin kebawah juga semakin kuat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Basa senyawa alkali ini bersifat ionik dan semuanya mudah larut dalam air.
Kelarutannya dalam air semakin ke bawah semakin besar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> C.
Warna Nyala Logam Alkali</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Sifat penting logam alkali adalah mempunyai spektrum emisi, yang dihasilkan
bila larutan garamnya dipanaskan dalam nyala bunsen. Spektrum emisi adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna nyala yang dihasilkan oleh suatu unsur.<span style="color: black;"> </span>Spektrum emisi yang dihasilkan setiap unsur berbeda
antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya.<span style="color: black;"> Warna spektrum
ini dapat dipakai dalam analisis kualitatif, yang disebut tes nyala. Di bawah
ini warna nyala garam alkali.</span> Contohnya adalah warna emisi cesium pada
gambar dibawah ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://wanibesak.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/gambar-spektrum-emisi-sesium1.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;"><v:shape alt="Gambar spektrum emisi sesium" id="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 78pt; width: 58.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"></v:shape></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
nyala cesium.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
Ketika dibakar litium menghasilkan warna merah, natrium menghasilkan warna
kuning, kalium menghasilkan warna pink atau lilac, rubidium menghasilkan warna
merah lembayung dan sesium menghasilkan warna merah lembayung. Warna-warna yang
dihasilkan oleh unsur-unsur alkali sangat indah sehingga logam-logam alkali
banyak dimanfaatkan dalam pembuatan kembang api atau mercun. <span style="color: black;">Warna kuning nyala natrium banyak dipakai dijalan raya,
karena biayanya lebih murah dibandingkan lampu pijar.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Unsur Logam Alkali</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1.
Kegunaan natrium ( Na ) dan senyawanya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
pendingin pada reaktor nuklir, <span style="color: black;">dimana Na menyer</span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ap panas dari reaktor nuklir kemudian Na panas mengalir melalui
saluran menuju reservoar yang berisi air. Selanjutnya air dalam reservoar
menguap dan uapnya dialirkan pada pembangkit listrik tenaga uap.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
digunakan pada industri pembuatan bahan anti ketukan pada bensin yaitu TEL
(tetraetillead).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Uap
natrium digunakan untuk lampu jalan yang dapat menembus kabut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
membuat beberapa senyawa natrium seperti Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
(natrium peroksida) dan 2Li<sub>3</sub>N (Litium Nitrida) <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
juga digunakan untuk foto sel dalam alat-alat elektronik.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
Klorida Sebagagai bahan baku untuk membuat natrium (Na), klorin (Cl<sub>2</sub>),
hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), hydrogen klorida (HCl) serta senyawa- senyawa
natrium seperti NaOH dan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, Di negara yang
bermusim dingin, natrium klorida digunakan untuk mencairkan salju di jalan
raya, pengolahan bahan makanan yaitu sebagai bumbu masak atau garam dapur.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
Hidroksida (NaOH) disebut juga dengan nama kaustik soda atau soda api,
digunakan dalam industri sabun dan deterjen. Sabun dibuat dengan
mereaksikan lemak atau minyak dengan NaOH, industri pulp dan kertas. Bahan
dasar pembuatan kertas adalah selulosa (pulp) dengan cara memasak kayu,
bambu dan jerami dengan kaustik soda (NaOH).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
Karbonat (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) dinamakan juga soda abu, digunakan
dalam industri pembuatan kertas, industri kaca, industri deterjen, bahan
pelunak air (menghilangkan kesadahan pada air).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
Bikarbonat (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) disebut juga soda kue, Kegunaannya sebagai
bahan pengembang pada pembuatan kue.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
nitrit (NaNO<sub>2</sub>), pembuatan zat warna (proses diazotasi),
pencegahan korosi. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
sulfat (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) atau garam Glauber, obat pencahar (cuci
perut), zat pengering untuk senyawa organik. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
tiosulfat (Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), larutan pencuci
(hipo) dalam fotografi. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>,
pelarut dalam sintesis logam alumunium. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
sulfat dekahidrat (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.10H<sub>2</sub>O) atau
garam glauber: digunakan oleh industri pembuat kaca. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<sub>3</sub>Pb<sub>8</sub>
: sebagai pengisi lampu Natrium. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
peroksida (Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>): pemutih makanan. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na-benzoat,
zat pengawet makanan dalam kaleng, obat rematik. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na-sitrat,
zat anti beku darah. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na-glutamat,
penyedap masakan (vetsin). <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na-salsilat,
obat antipiretik (penurun panas). <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Kegunaan Kalium (K) dan Senyawanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur
kalium sangat penting bagi pertumbuhan. Tumbuhan membutuhkan garam-garam
kalium, tidak sebagai ion K<sup>+</sup>sendiri, tetapi bersama-sama dengan
ion Ca<sup>2+</sup> dalam perbandingan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur
kalium digunakan untuk pembuatan kalium superoksida (KO<sub>2</sub>) yang
dapat digunakan sebagai bahan cadangan oksigen dalam tambang (bawah
tanah), kapal selam, dan digunakan untuk memulihkan seseorang yang
keracunan gas.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalium
oksida (KO<sub>2</sub>), digunakan sebagai konverter CO<sub>2</sub> pada
alat bantuan pernafasan. Gas CO<sub>2</sub> yang dihembuskan masuk kedalam
alat dan bereaksi dengan KO<sub>2 </sub>menghasilkan O<sub>2</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOH
digunakan pada industri sabun lunak atau lembek.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KCl
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KNO<sub>3</sub>
digunakan sebagai komponen esensial dari bahan peledak, petasan dan
kembang api.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KClO<sub>3</sub>
digunakan untuk pembuatan korek api, bahan peledak, dan mercon. KClO<sub>3</sub>
dapat juga digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat gas Cl<sub>2</sub>, apabila
direaksikan dengan larutan HCl pada laboratorium.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalium
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alkali <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>,
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KMnO<sub>4</sub>,
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Litium
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rubidium
(Rb) dan Cesium (Cs) digunakan sebagai permukaan peka cahaya dalam sel
fotolistrik yang dapat mengubah cahaya menjadi listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
digunakan untuk pembuatan beberapa jenis peralatan gelas dan keramik.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18264503894442468391noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5000484174674977919.post-44174104690812057832014-02-07T04:11:00.000-08:002014-02-07T04:11:33.765-08:00peningkatan mutu PNS<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CWin7%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A. Peningkatan Kualitas Guru</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Guru
yang memiliki posisi yang sangat penting dan strategi dalam pengembangan
potensi yang dimiliki peerta didik. Pada diri gurulah kejayaan dan keselamatan
masa depan bangsa dengan penanaman nilai-nilai dasar yang luhur sebagai
cita-cita pendidikan nasional dengan membentuk kepribadian sejahtera lahir dan
bathin, yang ditempuh melalui pendidikan agama dan pendidikan umum. Oleh karena
itu harus mampu mendidik diperbagai hal, agar ia menjadi seorang pendidik yang
proposional. Sehingga mampu mendidik peserta didik dalam kreativitas dan
kehidupan sehari-harinya. Untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme pendidik dalam
pembelajaran, perlu ditingkatkan melalui cara-cara sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. Mengikuti Penataran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut para ahli bahwa penataran adalah semua usaha
pendidikan dan pengalaman untuk meningkatkan keahlian guru menyelarasikan
pengetahuan dan keterampilan mereka sesuai dengan kemajuan dan perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan dalam bidang-bidang masing-masing.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5000484174674977919" name="_ftnref1"></a>[16][16]
Sedangkan kegiatan penataran itu sendiri di tujukan: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Mempertinggi mutu petugas sebagai profesinya
masing-masing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Meningkatkan efesiensi kerja menuju arah tercapainya
hasil yang optimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Perkembangan kegairahan kerja dan peningkatan
kesejahteraan.[17]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5000484174674977919" name="_ftnref2"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jadi penataran itu dapat meningkatkan efektivitas dan
efisiensi kerja, keahlian dan peningkatan terutama pendidikan untuk menghadapi
arus globaliasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 25.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Mengikuti Kursus-Kursus Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hal ini akan menambah wawasan, adapun kursus-kursus biasanya
meliputi pendidikan arab dan inggris serta computer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 25.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. Memperbanyak Membaca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menjadi guru professional tidak hanya menguasai atau membaca
dan hanya berpedoman pada satu atau beberapa buku saja, guru yang
berprofesional haruslah banyak membaca berbagai macam buku untuk menambah bahan
materi yang akan disampaikan sehingga sebagai pendidik tidak akan kekurangab
pengetahuan-pengetahuan dan informasi-informasi yang muncul dan berkembang di
dalam mayarakat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 25.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4. Mengadakan Kunjungan Kesekolah Lain (studi komperatif)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Suatu hal yang sangat penting seorang guru mengadakan
kunjungan antar sekolah sehingga akan menambah wawasan pengetahuan, bertukar
pikiran dan informasi tentang kemajuan sekolah. Ini akan menambah dan
melengkapi pengetahuan yang dimilikinya serta mengatai permasalahan-permasalahan
dan kekurangan yang terjadi sehingga peningkatan pendidikan akan bisa tercapai
dengan cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 25.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5. Mengadakan Hubungan Dengan Wali Siswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mengadakan pertemuan dengan wali siswa sangatlah penting
sekali, karena dengan ini guru dan orang tua akan dapat saling berkomunikasi,
mengetahui dan menjaga peserta didik serta bisa mengarahkan pada perbuatan yang
positif. Karena jam pendidikan yang diberikan di sekolah lebih sedikit apabila
dibandingkan jam pendidikan di dalam keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">B. Peningkatan Materi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam rangka peningkatan pendidikan maka peningkatan materi
perlu sekali mendapat perhatian karena dengan lengkapnya meteri yang diberikan
tentu akan menambah lebih luas akan pengetahuan. Hal ini akan memungkinkan
peserta didik dalam menjalankan dan mengamalkan pengetahuan yang telah
diperoleh dengan baik dan benar. Materi yang disampaikan pendidik harus mampu
menjabarkan sesuai yang tercantum dalam kurikulum. Pendidik harus menguasai
materi dengan ditambah bahan atau sumber lain yang berkaitan dan lebih actual dan
hangat. Sehingga peserta didik tertarik dan termotivasi mempelajari pelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C. Peningkatan dalam Pemakaian Metode</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Metode merupakan alat yang dipakai untuk mencapai tujuan,
maka sebagai salah satu indicator dalam peningkatan kualitas pendidikan perlu
adanya peningkatan dalam pemakaian metode. Yang dimakud dengan peningkatan
metode disini, bukanlah menciptakan atau membuat metode baru, akan tetapi
bagaimana caranya penerapannya atau penggunaanya yang sesuai dengan materi yang
disajikan, sehingga mmperoleh hasil yang memuaskan dalam proses belajar
mengajar. Pemakaian metode ini hendaknya bervariasi sesuai dengan materi yang
akan disampaikan sehingga peserta didik tidak akan merasa bosan dan jenuh atau
monoton. Untuk itulah dalam penyampaian metode pendidik harus memperhatikan
hal-hal sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1) Selalu berorientasi pada tujuan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2) Tidak hanya terikat pada suatu alternatif saja <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3) Mempergunakan berbagai metode sebagai suatu kombinasi,
misalnya: metode ceramah dengan tanya jawab. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jadi usaha tersebut merupakan upaya meningkatkan kualitas
pendidikan pada peserta didik diera yang emakin modern. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">D. Peningkatan Sarana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sarana adalah alat atau metode dan teknik yang dipergunakan
dalam rangka meningkatkan efektivitas komunikasi dan interaksi edukatif antara
pendidik dan peserta didik dalam proses pendidikan dan pengajaran di
sekolah.[18] Dari segi sarana tersebut perlu diperhatikan adanya usaha
meningkatkan sebagai berikut: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5000484174674977919" name="_ftnref3"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1) Mengerti secara mendalam tentang fungsi atau kegunaan
media pendidikan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2) Mengerti pengunaan media pendidikan secara tepat dalam
interaksi belaja mengajar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3) Pembuatan media harus sederhana dan mudah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4) Memilih media yang tepat sesuai dengan tujuan dan isi
materi yang akan diajarkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Semua sekolah meliputi peralatan dan perlengkapan tentang
sarana dan prasarana, ini dijelaskan dalam buku “Admitrasi Pendidikan” yang
disusun oleh Tim Dosen IP IKIP Malang menjelaskan: sarana sekolah meliputi
semua peralatan serta perlengkapan yang langsung digunakan dalam proses
pendidikan di sekolah, contoh: gedung sekolah (school building), ruangan meja,
kursi, alat peraga, dan lain-lainnya. Sedangkan prasarana merupakan semua
komponen yang secara tidak langung menunjang jalannya proses belajar mngajar
atau pendidikan di sekolah, sebagai contoh: jalan menuju sekolah, halaman
sekolah, tata tertib sekolah dan semuanya yang berkenaan dengan sekolah.[19] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5000484174674977919" name="_ftnref4"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">E. Peningkatan Kualitas Belajar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam setiap proses belajar mengajar yang dialami peserta
didik selamanya lancar seperti yang diharapkan, kadang-kadang mengalami
kesulitan atau hambatan dalam belajar. Kendala tersebut perlu diatasi dengan
berbagai usaha sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1) Memberi Rangsangan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Minat belajar seseorang berhubungan dengan perasaan
seseorang. Pendidikan harus menggunakan metode yang sesuai sehingga merangsang
minat untuk belajar dan mempelajari baik dari segi bahasa maupun mimic dari
wajah dengan memvariasikan setiap metode yang dipakai. Dari sini menimbulkan
yang namanya cinta terhadap bidang studi, sebab pendidik mampu memberikan ransangan
terhadap peserta didik untuk belajar, karena yang disajikan benar-benar
mengenai atau mengarah pada diri peserta didik yang dilakukan dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari. Selanjutnya setelah peserta didik terangsang terhadap pendidikan
maka pendidik tinggal memberikan motivasi secara kontinew. Oleh karena itu
pendidik atau lembaga tinggal memberikan atau menyediakan sarana dan prasarana
saja, sehingga peserta didik dapat menerima pengalaman yang dapat menyenangkan
hati para peserta didik sehingga menjadikan peserta didik belajar semangat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2) Memberikan Motivasi Belajar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Motivasi adalah sebagai pendorong peserta didik yang berguna
untuk menumbuhkan dan menggerakkan bakat peserta didik secara integral dalam
dunia belajar, yaitu dengan diambil dari sisitem nilai hidup peserta didik dan
ditujukan kepada penjelasan tugas-tugas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Motivasi merupakan daya penggerak yang besar dalam proses
belajar mengajar, motivasi yang diberikan kepada peserta didik dapat berupa: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a. Memberikan penghargaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Usaha-usaha meyenangkan yang diberikan kepada peserta didik
yang berprestasi yang bagus, baik berupa kata-kata, benda, simbul atau berupa
angka (nilai). Penghargaan ini bertujuan agar peserta didik selalu termotivasi
untuk lebih giat belajar dan mampu bersaing dengan teman-temannya secara sehat,
karena dengan itu pendidik akan mudah meningkatkan kualita pendidikan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b. Memberikan hukuman. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemberian hukuman ini bersifat mendidik artinya bentuk
hukuman itu sendiri berkaitan dengan pembelajaran. Hal ini bertujuan untuk
memperbaiki kesalahan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c. Mengadakan kompetisi dan lomba. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengadaan ini dipergunakan untuk meningkatkan prestasi
peserta didik untuk membantu peserta didik dalam pembentukan mental yang
tangguh selain pembentukan pengetahuan.untuk membantu proses pengajaran yang
selalu dimulai dari hal-hal yang nyata bagi siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demikian
bagaimana cara <b><i>meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan</i></b>, semoga dengan
beberapa point diatas pendidikan di Indonesia akan lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18264503894442468391noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5000484174674977919.post-43576824750206818512013-05-30T08:38:00.001-07:002013-05-30T08:41:13.431-07:00RESONANSI<!--[if !mso]>
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gamelan tersebut dipukul. Tanpa adanya tabung kolom udara di bawah lempengan
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18264503894442468391noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5000484174674977919.post-38789875937403166972013-05-28T06:42:00.000-07:002013-05-28T06:42:04.686-07:00BAYANGAN OLEH LENSA CEMBUNG <!--[if !mso]>
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table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PERCOBAAN 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAYANGAN OLEH LENSA CEMBUNG </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyelidiki
sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa cembung</span></div>
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DAN BAHAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
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<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nama Alat / Bahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jumlah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meja Optik</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rel
presisi</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemegang
slide diafragma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bola lampu
12 V, 18 W</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diafragma
panah 1 celah</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tumpukan
Penjepit</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lensa
f=100 mm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lensa f =
300 mm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catu-Daya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel
penghubung merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kabel
penghubung hitam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tempat
lampu bertangkai</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyambung
rel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaki rel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mistar 30
cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 170.8pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Busur
derajat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.2pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DASAR
TEORI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">LENSA </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lensa adalah suatu benda bening yang dibatasi dua
bidang lengkung atau satu bidang lengkung dan satu bidang datar. Berdasrkan
kelengkungannya lensa dibedakan menjadi 2 macam yaitu : lensa Cembung dan lensa
Cekung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembentukan bayangan karena pembiasan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
P = Pusat kelengkungan bidang permukaan </span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 3.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 3.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 43.5pt;" width="58"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="134" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="295" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
i</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="12" /><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="12" /><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="178" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="306" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="90" />
r’ P</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="66" /> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="11" />
n
n’</span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 119.25pt;" width="159"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="202" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="230" />
Bila didepan sebuah bidang sferik yang tebal atau daap dianggap sebuah lensa
yang tebal dan jari-jari kelengkungan permukaannya R ditempatkan sebuah benda,
maka didalam medium kelengkungan tersebut akan kita dapatkan bayangan benda
yang memenuhi persamaan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="112" />
(1.01)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n =
indeks bias tempat benda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n’ = indeks
bias lensa tebalnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R = jari-jari kelengkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S =
jarak benda ke permukaan lengkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S’ = jarak
bayangan ke permukaan kelengkungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Telah kita ketahui, bila bendanya berada jauh tak terhingga, atau S = ~ maka
bayangan benda akan berada pada titik fokus kelengkungan tersebut, atau S’=f,
maka persamaan (1.01) dapat menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="61" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="102" />
<img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="104" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="76" />
( 1.02 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="94" />Bila lensa tebal berada diudara yang
mempunyai indeks bias 1 maka n = 1 dan persamaan (1.02) menjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="73" />
( 1.03 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lensa Tipis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila lensa tebal mempunyai hanay sebuah permukaan,
maka lensa tipis mempunyai dua buah permukaan, yang mempunyai jari-jari
kelengkungan R<sub>1 </sub>dan R<sub>2</sub>. Untuk lensa tipis ketebalan
lensa dianggap nol atau tidak diperhitungkan.</span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 149.25pt;" width="199"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="122" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="26" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
I
II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="43" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="101" />
R<sub>1</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: .75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: .75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 59.25pt;" width="79"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" width="282" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
R<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> I =
permukaan pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> II = permukaan
kedua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> R<sub>1</sub> dan
R<sub>2</sub> jari-jari kelengkungan masing-masing permukaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="79" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="198" />Persamaan pembentukan bayangan benda </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="175" />
( 1.04 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n =
indeks bias tempat dan bayangan, atau indeks-bias disekeliling lensa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n’ = indeks
bias lensa </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="79" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="198" />Untuk n = 1(indeks bias udara) maka persamaan
(1.04) menjadi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="173" />
( 1.05 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan Bila bendanya ada jauh tak hingga S= ~, maka
bayangan benda akan berada pada titik fokus lensa atau S’ = f, maka persamaan
(1.05) menjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="21" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="160" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="166" />
<img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="172" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" width="143" />
( 1.06 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f = jarak fokus lensa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketentuan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk lensa
cembung-cembung (bekonveks) R<sub>1</sub> = positif dan R<sub>2</sub> negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk lensa
cekung-cekung (bekonkav) R<sub>1</sub> = negative dan R<sub>2</sub> positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atau dapat
disebutkan R didsepan lensa negative dan R dibelakang lensa Positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lensa
Cembung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Lensa Cembung adalah lensa yang bagain tegahnya lebih tebal dari pada bagian
tepinya. Jenis-jenis lensa cembung seperti di tunjukkan gambar 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 83.25pt;" width="111"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 24.75pt;" width="33"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 99.0pt;" width="132"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 21.75pt;" width="29"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 94.5pt;" width="126"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 19.5pt;" width="26"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 6.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 6.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td colspan="4" style="height: 6.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td rowspan="3" style="height: 6.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-alt: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="96" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" width="26" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 64.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 64.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 64.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="86" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" width="33" /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 64.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 64.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="86" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" width="29" /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 64.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar 12a. Bikonveks b. plan
konveks c. konkaf
konveks </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Lensa cembung bersifat konvergen, artinya sinar sejajar yang datang ke
permukaan lensa dibiaskan menuju satu titik fokus (F). Lensa cembung juga biasa
disebut lensa (+). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 3.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 3.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 137.25pt;" width="183"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="100" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" width="170" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="67" /><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="106" /><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" width="106" /><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" width="90" />
Sinar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" width="82" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" width="67" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" width="210" />
P
F
datang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="28" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" width="67" /> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar.13 lensa cembung bersifat konvergen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagian-bagian lensa cembung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" width="162" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="51" /><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" width="2" /><img height="170" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="2" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="164" /><img height="170" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" width="2" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="84" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="84" /><img height="62" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" width="162" /><img height="144" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.gif" width="12" />
R<sub>4</sub>
+ R<sub>1
</sub>R<sub>2</sub>
R<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="86" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="2" /><img height="86" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" width="2" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" width="386" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" />
2F<sub>1
</sub>F<sub>1 </sub> O
F<sub>1
</sub>2F<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
f<sub>1 </sub> f<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" width="51" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" width="164" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="84" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="84" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="84" /><img height="16" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" width="84" /> R<sub>3</sub>
R<sub>2</sub>
R<sub>1</sub>
R<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Gambar.14 Bagian-Bagian Lensa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterangan lukisan Gambar :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">O = pusat optik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>1 </sub>=
jari-jari kelengkungan permukaan 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>2 </sub>=
jari-jari kelengkungan permukaan 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F<sub>1</sub> =
titik api permukaan 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F<sub>2</sub>
= titik api permukaan 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f<sub>1
</sub>= jarak titik api (fokus) 1 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f<sub>2
</sub>= jarak titik api (fokus) 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>1</sub> =
ruang 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>2</sub> =
ruang 2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>3 </sub>=
ruang 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>4</sub> =
ruang 4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembentukan bayangan oleh lensa cembung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Lensa cembung mempunyai 2 titik fokus nyata(positif) yang berjarak sama dari
titik pusat optic. Untuk menggambar bayangan lensa cembung diperlukan
sinar-sinar istemewa sebagai berikut ;</span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 6.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 131.25pt;" width="175"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="112" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" width="214" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="234" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" />
F
O
F</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Gambar.15.a </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 7.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 7.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 119.25pt;" width="159"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="112" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" width="211" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="234" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" />
F O
F </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Gambar. 15.b</span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 173.25pt;" width="231"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="112" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image050.gif" width="96" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" width="234" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" />
F
O
F </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Gambar.15. c</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berkas sinar
datang sejajar sumbu utama dibiaskan menuju titik api utama (F)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berkas sinar
datang melalui fokus dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berkas sinar
melalui titik pusat optic O tidak dibiaskan melainkan diteruskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam menggambar bayangan lensa cembung digukan dua
sinar istemewa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="112" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" width="16" />
+ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="117" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image052.gif" width="407" /> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="48" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" width="12" /><img height="45" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image054.gif" width="133" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" width="92" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" width="370" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
P
F
O
F
P</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar.16 Pembentukan bayangan lensa cembung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat bayangan pada lensa Cembung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat bayangan pada lensa cembung tegantung letak atu
jarak benda terhadap lensa. Perhatikan tabel berikut ini !</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 29.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letak benda</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat bayangan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letak bayangan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>1</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maya, tegak dan diperbesar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>4</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak terbentuk bayangan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>2</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, terbalik dan diperbesar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, tebalik dan sama besar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>1</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, terbalik dan diperkecil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>2</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika kita perhatikan letak benda dan letak bayangan,
dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Benda
diruang dua R<sub>2</sub> sebelah kiri lensa , bayangan ada di ruang tiga R<sub>3</sub>
sebelah kanan lensa dan sebaliknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila
ruang benda lebih kecil dari ruang bayangan, bayangan akan diperbesar, dan
sebaliknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hubungan antara jarak Benda (s<sub>0</sub>) , jarak
bayangan (s<sub>i</sub>), dan jarak fokus (f) Lensa Cembung.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hubungan antara jarak Benda (s<sub>0</sub>) , jarak
bayangan (s<sub>i</sub>), dan jarak fokus (f) pada lensa cembung secara
matematis dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="88" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image056.gif" width="124" /><img height="88" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image056.gif" width="124" /><img height="64" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" width="96" />
atau <img height="60" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image058.gif" width="96" />
( 1.07 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S<sub>0 </sub>= jarak benda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S<sub>i</sub> = jarak bayangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F = fokus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R = jari-jari kelengkungan cemin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada beberapa hal yang perlu diingat mengenai lensa
cekung dan lensa cembung diantaranya ialah </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perlu diingat ! untuk lensa cembung</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Benda
didepan lensa merupakan benda sejati/ nyata, harga s positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bayangan
dibelakang lensa merupakan bayangan sejati, diyatakan dalam bilangan positif.
Untuk bayangan semu (bayangan didepan lens) dinyatakan dalam bilangan negative</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Harga f
untuk lensa cembung selalu positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbesaran BAYANGAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan untuk perbesaran bayangan pada lensa cembung
maupun lensa cekung secara matematis dituliskan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 9.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 9.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 63.0pt;" width="84"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="105" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" width="192" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="84" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image060.gif" width="162" />
( 1.08 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M =
perbesaran bayangan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S<sub>0
</sub>= jarak benda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">S<sub>i</sub> = jarak
bayangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" width="17" /> = tinggi
benda </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image062.gif" width="16" /> = tinggi
bayangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekuatan Lensa ( P )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekuatan
lensa, atau sering juga dikenal atau disebut dengan daya lensa adalah kebalikan
dari jarak fokus lensa </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="89" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" width="252" /><b>
</b>Kekuatan lensa, atau sering juga dikenal atau disebut dengan daya lensa
adalah kebalikan dari jarak fokus lensa </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<img height="67" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image064.gif" width="215" />
( 1.09 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f = jarak fokus lensa diudara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P = kekuatan lensa diudara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila f bersatuan meter maka P bersatuan dioptri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="4" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PERSIAPAN
PERCOBAAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah seluruh peralatan siap sesuai daftar alat,
maka :</span></div>
<ol start="4" type="A"><ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Susunlah alat-alat yang diperlukan, dari kiri,
sumber cahaya,
lensa f = 100
mm, diagfragma, lensa f = 300 mm, meja optic dan layer.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai benda digunakan difragma anak panah yang
diterangi sumber cahaya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai layar penangkap bayangan digunakan meja
optic yang diberdirikan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memotong kertas sehingga ukurannya kira-kira 2
cm lebih lebar dari meja optic.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyisipkan kertas itu kedalam meja optik</span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kertas itu akan bertindak sebagai pelapis layar, agar
layar berwarna bersih putih. </span></div>
<ol start="4" type="A"><ol start="6" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atur kesesuaian sumber cahaya dengan adaptor
maupun sumber tegangan lainya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sambungkan rel perisisi yang satu dengan rel
perisisi yang lain, agar diperoleh rel yang lebih panjang.</span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="5" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PROSEDUR
EKSPERIMEN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengaturlah
jarak sumber cahaya ke lensa f=100 sama dengan 10 cm. nyalakan sumber cahaya
untuk menerangi objek ( anak panah ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meletakkan
meja optik (layar) di ujung kanan rel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengeser-geser
lensa f= 300 mm kekiri atau kekanan, sehingga di layar terbentuk anak panah
yang tajam. Bayangan dapat ditangkap di layar disebut bayangan nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengamati
arah bayangan itu. Membandingkan dengan arah benda. Mengambarkan bayangan itu
pada tabel kolom hasil pengamatan. Mengukur bayangannya sama, lebih kecil atau
lebih besar ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menetapkan
jarak benda seperti dinyatakan pada tabel 2 dibawah ini. Mencari bayangannya
dengan menggeser-geser layar, kalau-kalau ada bayangan nyata, mencari bayangan
dengan melihat kedalam lensa dari arah belakang lensa, kalau-kalau bayangannya
maya. Mencatat hasilnya pada tabel 2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="6" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menempelkan data yang berupa garis-garis sinar datang
dan sinar bias oleh lensa pada tempat di bawah ini.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.9pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk Benda</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.1pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk Bayangan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.9pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="52" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.gif" width="139" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.1pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" width="139" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.9pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="51" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" width="139" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.1pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="52" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" width="138" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.9pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="111" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image068.gif" width="60" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.1pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="111" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" width="61" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.9pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 88.5pt;" width="118"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="110" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image070.gif" width="60" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.1pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="110" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" width="61" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jarak benda</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jarak bayangan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.0pt;" valign="top" width="280">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat Bayangan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kurang dari f</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-0,1 cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.0pt;" valign="top" width="280">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maya, tegak, diperbesar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sama dengan f</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">~</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.0pt;" valign="top" width="280">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tak terbentuk bayangan / tak terhingga</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antara f dan 2f</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">22 cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.0pt;" valign="top" width="280">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, terbalik, diperbesar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sama dengan 2f</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">20,5 cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.0pt;" valign="top" width="280">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, terbalik, sama besar</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.0pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lebih dari 2f</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 102.0pt;" valign="top" width="136">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">39,5 cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.0pt;" valign="top" width="280">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, terbalik, diperkecil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="7" type="A">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat bayangan pada lensa cembung tegantung letak atu
jarak benda terhadap lensa. Perhatikan tabel berikut ini !</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 29.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letak benda</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat bayangan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letak bayangan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>1</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maya, tegak dan diperbesar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>4</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">F</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak terbentuk bayangan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>2</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, terbalik dan diperbesar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, tebalik dan sama besar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>1</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 84.0pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nyata, terbalik dan diperkecil</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.0pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">R<sub>2</sub></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letak benda R<sub>1</sub></span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 6.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 139.5pt;" width="186"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="123" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image072.gif" width="255" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image073.gif" width="506" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" />
P
F
F
P</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="182" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image075.gif" width="2" /><img height="158" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image076.gif" width="314" /><img height="158" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image077.gif" width="2" />Letak bayangan di F</span></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 6.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 6.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 125.25pt;" width="167"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="170" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image078.gif" width="314" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.gif" width="514" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" />
P
F
F
P</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image080.gif" width="12" /><img height="98" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" width="402" /><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image082.gif" width="90" /><img height="98" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image083.gif" width="250" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image084.gif" width="146" /><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" width="12" /><img height="146" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image086.gif" width="2" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" width="522" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" />Letak bayangan di R<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
P
F
F
P </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image088.gif" width="82" />Letak Bayangan di P</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 91.5pt;" width="122"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="158" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image089.gif" width="407" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image080.gif" width="12" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image090.gif" width="242" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" width="490" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" />
P
F
F
P</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letak
bayangan di R<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 2.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="158" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image092.gif" width="455" /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><img height="39" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" width="12" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image093.gif" width="226" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="12" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" width="108" /><img height="2" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/WINDOW%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" width="490" />
P
F
F
P <span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">
P
F
F
Ptang dan sinar bias
oleh lensa pada tempat di bawah ini.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hide: all;">kedalam lensa cembung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18264503894442468391noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5000484174674977919.post-50326977571848723052013-05-25T06:24:00.001-07:002014-02-07T04:29:57.211-08:00Laporan Praktikum Titrasi Asam Basa <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
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<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
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<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
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<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
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<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
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<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Laporan Praktikum Titrasi Asam Basa </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I.</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengetahui molaritas suatu asam basa dengan
menggunakan metode titrasi asam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">basa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar Teori</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titrasi merupakan suatu metoda untuk menentukan kadar
suatu zat dengan menggunakan zat lain yang sudah dikethaui konsentrasinya.
Titrasi biasanya dibedakan berdasarkan jenis reaksi yang terlibat di dalam
proses titrasi, sebagai contoh bila melibatan reaksi asam basa maka disebut
sebagai titrasi asam basa, titrasi redox untuk titrasi yang melibatkan reaksi
reduksi oksidasi, titrasi kompleksometri u</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntuk titrasi yang melibatan pembentukan reaksi kompleks dan lain
sebagainya. (disini hanya dibahas tentang titrasi asam basa)</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zat yang akan ditentukan kadarnya
disebut sebagai “titrant” dan biasanya diletakan di dalam Erlenmeyer, sedangkan
zat yang telah diketahui konsentrasinya disebut sebagai “titer” dan biasanya
diletakkan di dalam “buret”. Baik titer maupun titrant biasanya berupa larutan.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5000484174674977919" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titrasi asam basa disebut juga titrasi adisi
alkalimetri. Kadar atau konsentrasi asam basa larutan dapat ditentukan dengan
metode volumetri dengan teknik titrasi asam basa. Volumetri adalah teknik
analisis kimia kuantitatif untuk menetapkan kadar sampel dengan pengukuran
volume larutan yang terlibat reaksi berdasarkan kesetaraan kimia. Kesetaraan
kimia ditetapkan melalui titik akhir titrasi yang diketahui dari perubahan
warna indicator dan kadar sampel untuk ditetapkan melalui perhitungan
berdasarkan persamaan reaksi.<br />
<br />
Titrasi asam basa merupakan teknik untuk menentukan konsentrasi larutan asam
atau basa. Reaksi yang terjadi merupakan reaksi asam basa (netralisasi).
Larutan yang kosentrasinya sudah diketahui disebut larutan baku. Titik
ekuivalen adalah titik ketika asam dan basa tepat habis bereaksi dengan
disertai perubahan warna indikatornya. Titik akhir titrasi adalah saat
terjadinya perubahan warna indicator.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titrasi merupakan salah satu cara
untuk menentukan konsentrasi larutan suatu zat dengan cara mereaksikan larutan
tersebut dengan zat yang diketahui konsentrasinya secara tepat. Prinsip dasar
titrasi asam basa didasarkan pada reaksi netralisasi asam basa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titik ekuivalen pada titrasi asam basa adalah pada saat dimana sejumlah
asam dinetralkan oleh sejumlah basa. Selama titrasi berlangsung terjadi
perubahan pH. Pada titik ekuivalen ditentukan oleh sejumlah garam yang
dihasilkan dari netralisasi asam basa. Indikator yang digunakan pada titrasi
asam basa adalah yang memiliki rentang pH dimana titik ekuivalen berada. Pada
umumnya titik ekuivalen tersebut sulit diamati, yang mudah diamati adalah titik
akhir yang dapat terjadi sebelum atau sesudah titik ekuivalen tercapai. Titrasi
harus dihentikan pada saat titik akhir titrasi dicapai yang ditandai dengan
perubahan warna indikator. Titik akhir titrasi tidak selalu berimpit dengan
titik ekuivalen . Dengan pemilihan indikator yang tepat, kita dapat memperkecil
kesalahan titrasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada titrasi asam kuat dan basa kuat, asam kuat dan basa kuat dalam air
terurai dengan sempurna. Oleh karena itu, ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksida
selama titrasi dapat langsung dihitung dari jumlah asam atau basa yang
ditambahkan. Pada titik ekuivalen dari titrasi asam kuat dan basa kuat, pH
larutan pada temperatur 25˚C sama dengan pH air yaitu sama dengan 7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> ( Penuntun
Praktikum Kimia Dasar II, UNG 2012 : 05 )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika suatu asam atau basa dititrasi, setia penambahan pereaksi akan
mengakibatkan perubahan pH. Grafik yang diperoleh dengan menyalurkan pH
terhadap volume pereaksi yang ditambahkan disebut kurva titrasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ada
empat macam perhitungan jika suatu asam dititrasi dengan suatu basa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titik awal, sebelum penambahan basa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daerah antara (sebelum titik ekuivalen), larutan
mengandung garam dan asam yang berlebih.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titik ekuivalen, larutan mengandung garam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah titik ekuivalen, larutan mengandung garam dan
basa berlebih.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam titrasi, suatu larutan yang harus dinetralkan dimasukkan ke dalam
wadah atau tabung. Larutan lain yaitu basa, dimasukkan ke dalam buret lalu
dimasukkan ke dalam asam, mula-mula cepat, kemudian tetes demi tetes, sampai
titik setara dari titrasi tersebut tercapai. Salah satu usaha untuk mencapai
titik setara dalam melalui perubahan warna dari indikator asam basa. Titik pada
saat titrasi dimana indikator berubah warna dinamakan titik akhir (end point)
dari indikator. Yang diperlukan adalah memadankan titik akhir indikator yang
perubahannya terjadi dalam selang pH yang meliputi pH sesuai dengan titik
setara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikator asam basa adalah asam lemah
yang tak terionnya (Hln) mempunyai warna yang berbeda dengan warna anionnya.
Jika sedikit indikator dimasukkan dalam larutan, larutan akan berubah warna
menjadi warna (1) atau warna (2) tergantung pada apakah kesetimbangan bergerak
ke arah bentuk asam atau anion. Arah pergeseran kesetimbangan dalam reaksi
berikut tergantung pada [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] atau dengan kata lain pada
pH. Dengan persamaan reaksi sebagai berikut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Warna (2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Warna (1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hln + H<sub>2</sub>O H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> +
ln<sup>-</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Ralph H petrucci, Kimia Dasar Prinsip dan Terapan Modern : 308-310)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang analisis mengambil faedah dari perubahan besar dari pH yang terjadi
dalam titrasi agar dapat menentukan kapan titik ekivalennya akan tercapai. Ada
banyak asam dan basa organik dan basa organik lemah yang bentuk-bentuk tak
berdisosiasi dan ionnya menunjukka wrana yang berbeda warna. Molekul-molekul
demikian dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kapan cukup titran telah ditambahkan
dan disebut indikator visual. Suatu contoh yang sederhana adalah
para-nitrofenol, yang merupakan suatu asam lemah da berdisosiasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk tak terdisosiasi adalah tak berwarna, tetapi anionnya, yang
mempunyai sistem ikatan tunggal dan ikatan rangkap dua yang berganti-ganti
(suatu system terkonjugasikan), berwarna kuning. Molekul-molekul atau ion-ion yang
mempunyai system terkonjugasikan, menyerap cahaya dengan panjang gelombang yang
lebih panjang dibandingkan dengan molekul-molekul sebanding tetapi yang tanpa
system terkonjugasikan. Cahaya yang diserap sering ada pada bagian spectrum
yang tampak, dan dengan demikian molekul atau ionnya berwarna.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indikator terkenal phenoftalein merupakan asam diprotik dan tak berwarna.
Ia mula-mula berdisosiasi menjadi suatu bentuk tak berwarna dan kemudian,
dengan kehilangan hidrogen ke dua, menjadi ion dengan system terkonjugasikan,
maka dihasilakanlah wrana merah. Metal oranye, indikator lain yang secara luas
digunakan, merupakan basa dan berwarna kuning dalam bentuk molekular.
Penambahan ion hidrogen menghasilkan suatu kation yang berwarna merah muda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan minimum dalam pH yang diperlukan untuk suatu perubahan warna
disebut “jangkau indicator”. Pada harga pH antara,warna yang ditunjukkan bukan
warna merah atau kuning, tetapi sedikit agak kuning. Pada pH 5,pK<sub>a </sub>dari
HIn, kedua bentuk berwarna sama konsentrasinya, yaitu HIn separuh
tenetralisasikan. Seringkali kita mendengar terminology seperti suatu indikator
yang berubah warna pada pH 5 telah digunakan ini berarti bahwa pK<sub>a</sub> indicator
sebesar 5 dan jangkauannya sebesar pH 4 sampai 6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Pada
titrasi asam lemah, pemilihan indikator jauh lebih terbatas untuk suatu asam
dengan pK<sub>a </sub>5 kira-kira kepunnyaan asma asetat, pH lebih tinggi
dari 7 pada titik ekivalen, dan perubahan dalam pH relatif kecil. Phenoftalein
berubah warna pada kira-kira titik ekivalen dan merupakan indicator yang cocok.
Dalam hal asam yang sangat lemah, misalnya pK<sub>a </sub>= 9, tidak ada
perubahan dalam pH yang besar terjadi sekitar titik ekivalen. Jadi volume basa
yang lebih besar akan diperlukan untuk merubah warna suatu indikator dan titik
ekivalen tidak akan di deteksi dengan ketepatan yang biasa diharapkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Kelarutan
garam dari asam lemah tergantung pada pH larutan. Beberapa contoh yang lebih
penting dari garam-garam demikian dalam kimia analitik adalah oksilat sulfida,
hidrogsida, karbonat dan fosfat. Ion hidroksida bereaksi dengan anion garam
untuk membentuk asam lemah, dengan demikian meningkatkan kelarutan garam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (
R.A. Day, Jr. Analisa Kimia Kuantitatif : 141-145)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Teori
bonsted lowry melukiskan reaksi asam basa dalam peristiwa
perpindahan proton, yaitu perbadingan kekuatan asam basa menentukan kearah mana
reaksi asam basa akan terjadi., yaitu dari kombinasi asam basa yang lebih kuat
ke yang lebih lemah. Teori lewis memnadang reaksi aram basa dari arah
pembentukan ikatan kovalen antara zat penerima pasangn electron (asam) dengan
pemberi (donor) electron (basa). Gunanya yang paling besar adalah dalam keadaan
dimana reaksi terjadi tanpa kehadiran suatu pelarut atau pada saat suatu asam
tidak mengandung atom hidrogen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ada
beberapa macam titrasi bergantung pada reaksinya. Salah satunya
adalah titrasi asam basa. Titrasi adalah suatu metode untuk menentukan
konsentrasi zat didalam larutan. Titrasi dilakukan dengan mereaksikan larutan
tersebut dengan larutan yang sudah diketahui konsentrasinya. Reaksi dilakukan
secara bertahap (tetes demi tetes) hingga tepat mencapai titik stoikiometri
atau titik setara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (James
E. Brady, Kimia Universitas Asas dan Struktur edisi 5 : 178)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Titik ekivalen pada titrasi asam basa adalah pada saat dimana sejumlah asam
tepat di netralkan oleh sejumlah basa. Selama titrasi berlangsung terjadi
perubahan pH. pH pada titik equivalen ditentukan oleh sejumlah garam yang
dihasilkan dari netralisaasi asam basa. Indikator yang digunakan pada titrasi
asam basa adalah yang memiliki rentang pH dimana titik equivalen berada. Pada
umumnya titik equivalen tersebut sulit untuk diamati, yang mudah dimatai adalah
titik akhir yaang dapat terjadi sebelum atau sesudah titik equivalen tercapai.
Titrasi harus dihentikan pada saat titik akhir titrasi tercapai, yang ditandai
dengan perubahan warna indikator. Titik akhir titrasi tidak selalu berimpit
dengan titik equivalen. Dengan pemilihan indikator yang tepat, kita dapat
memperkecil kesalahan titrasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada titrasi asam kuat dan basa kuat, asam lemah dan basa lemah dalam air
akan terurau dengan sempurna. Oleh karena itu ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksida
selama titrasi dapat langsung dihitung dari jumlah asam atau basa yang
ditambahkan. Pada titik equivalen dari titrasi asam air, yaitu sama dengan 7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara umum, asam memiliki sifat sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasa: masam ketika dilarutkan dalam air.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sentuhan: asam terasa menyengat bila disentuh, terutama
bila asamnya asam kuat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kereaktifan: asam bereaksi hebat dengan kebanyakan
logam, yaitu korosif terhadap logam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hantaran listrik: asam, walaupun tidak selalu ionik,
merupakan elektrolit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengubah lakmus biru menjadi merah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat-sifat Basa :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaustik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasanya pahit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Licin seperti sabun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai pH lebih dari sabun (>7)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengubah warna lakmus merah menjadi biru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat menghantarkan arus listrik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III.</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat dan Bahan</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Statif dan klem</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buret</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gelas/labu Erlenmeyer 100ml (3buah)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gelas kimia 250ml (2buah)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pipet tetes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Corong</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gelas/silinder ukur<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan NaOH 0,1M<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan HCl yang akan ditentukan konsentrasinya<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indicator phenolphthalein (PP)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pipet Volume</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IV.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara Kerja</span></u></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
1. Mempersiapkan alat-alat yang akan digunakan (III. Alat dan
Bahan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bersihkan alat-alat sebelum digunakan (bila perlu)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memasang buret pada statif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menutup kran pada buret, kemudian masukkan larutan
NaOH 0,1M ke buret menggunakan gelas kimia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuka kran pada buret untuk mengepaskan larutan NaOH
0,1 M tepat pada skala 0 buret</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ambil 10ml larutan HCl dengan pipet volume, tuangkan
dalam tabung Elemeyer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teteskan larutan HCl dalam elemeyer dengan indicator
PP sebanyak 2 tetes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Letakkan erlenmayer pada ujung bawah buret.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakukan titrasi, hingga larutan HCl berubah warna
menjadi pink</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila telah terjadi perubahan warna hentikan proses titrasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catatlah volume NaOH yang digunakan dengan menghitung
V awal – V akhir</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakukan langkah 6-11 sebanyak 3 kali, dan usahakan
perubahan warna sesedikit mungkin (tepat pada ekuivalen)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V.</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil Pengamatan</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.8pt;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Percobaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Volume HCl (ml)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Volume NaOH (ml)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.8pt;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15,3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.8pt;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14,3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.8pt;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketiga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14,3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.8pt;" valign="top" width="110"><br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rata-rata Volume NaOH (ml)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" valign="top" width="132">
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14,8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VI.</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisa Data</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">-Pertanyaan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Hitunglah Volume rata-rata NaOH !<br />
b) Hitung Konsentrasi HCl !<br />
-Jawaban :<br />
<br />
a. Vrata-rata = (15,3 + 14,3 + 14,3) : 3 = 14,8 ml<br />
<br />
b. V1 x M1 = V2 x M2<br />
<br />
10 . x M1 = 14,8 . o,1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M1 = 0,148<br />
<br />
Jadi konsentrasi HCl adalah 0,148 M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VII.</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadar atau konsentrasi HCl (asam) dapat ditentukan
melalui proses titrasi, yaitu dengan mereaksikan HCl (titrat) yang ditambahkan
2 tetes indicator PP dengan NaOH (titran). Titrasi harus dihentikan bila
larutan HCl yang dicampurkan dengan 2 tetes indikator berubah warna dari bening
hingga menjadi pink. Volume NaOH yang digunakan akan mempengaruhi hasil
konsentrasi dari HCl tersebut, sehingga harus sangat berhati-hati melakukan
praktikum ini. Setelah volume NaOH (basa) diketahui, barulah Konsentrasi HCl
(asam) bisa dihitung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Volume rata-rata NaOH untuk melakukan titrasi adalah
14,8 ml.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsentrasi HCl yang digunakan untuk titrasi adalah
0,148 M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18264503894442468391noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5000484174674977919.post-14720177808093741372013-05-25T06:10:00.001-07:002013-05-25T06:10:19.894-07:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM SISTEM KOLOID <!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM SISTEM KOLOID </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SISTEM KOLOID</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">I.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
: Untuk mengetahui jenis, bentuk dan cara pembuatan koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Landasan Teori </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem
Dispersi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila suatu zat dicampurkan dengan zat lain, maka akan terjadi
penyebaran secara merata dari suatu zat ke dalam zat lain yang disebut
dengan sistem dispersi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suspensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suspensi adalah sistem dispersi dengan partikel yang
berukuran relatif besar tersebar merata di dalam medium pendispersinya.
Pada umumnya merupakan campuran heterogen, sehingga dapat diamati hanya dengan
mata telanjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan adalah sistem dispersi dengan ukuran
partikelnya sangat kecil, sehinggatidak dapat diamati (dibedakan) antara
partikel pendispersi dengan partikel terdispersi meskipun menggunakan mikroskop
dengan tingkat pembesaran yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid berasal dari bahasa Yunani “kolia” yang artinya
lem. Koloid pertama kali dikenalkan oleh Thomas Graham (1861) berdasarkan
pengamatannya terhadap gelatin yang merupakan kristal tapi sulit terdisfusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid atau dispersi koloid (sistem koloid) adalah
sistem dispersi dengan ukuran partikel yang lebih besar dari laritan tapi lebih
kecil dari susoensi, dengan ukuran partikel antara 1nm – 100nm sehingga tidak
bisa diamati dengan mata telanjang tetapi dapat diamati dengan mikroskop dengan
tingkat pembesaran yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara umum
perbedaan suspensi, larutan dan koloid dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 40.85pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Larutan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
(Dispersi Molekuler)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Dispersi
Koloid)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suspensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Dispersi
Kasar)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Homegen,
tak dapat Dibedakan walaupun menggunakan
mikroskop ultra.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara
mikroskopis bersifat homogen, tetapi heterogen jika </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diamati
dengan mikroskop ultra.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Heterogen.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua partikel
berdimensi (panjang, lebar, atau tebal) kurang dari 1nm.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Partikel
berdimensi anatara 1nm sampai 100nm.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu
atau semua dimensi partikel besar dari 100nm.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Satu fasa.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dua fasa.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dua fasa.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stabil.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada
umunya stabil.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
stabil.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
dapat disaring.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
dapat disaring, kecuali dengan penyaringan ultra.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat
disaring</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan
gula, larutan garam, alkohol 70%, larutan cuka, airlaut, udara yang bersih,
dan bensin.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sabun,
susu, santan, jeli, selai, mentega, dan mayones.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Air Sungai
yang keruh, campuran air dengan pasir, campuran kopi dengan air, dan campuran
minyak dengan air</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-Jenis Koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem koloid terdiri atas 2 fasa, yaitu fasa terdispersi
dan fasa pendispersi (medium dispersi). Berdasarkan jenis fasa terdispersi dan
fasa pendispersinya koloid dapat dibedakan menjadi 8 jenis sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 22.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">No.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase Terdispersi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase Pendispersi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis (nama koloid)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mutiara,
kaca warna</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Emulsi
padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keju,
mentega</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Busa padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Batu
apung, kerupuk</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol, gel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pati dalam
air, cat, jeli</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Emulsi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Susu,
santan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manyonaise</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Busa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Krim,
pasta</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aerosol
padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Debu, asap</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.05pt;" width="44">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.3pt;" width="134">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.3pt;" width="128">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aerosol
cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.6pt;" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Awan kabut</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aerosol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem koloid dari partikel padat atau cair yang
terdispersi dalam gas disebut aerosol. Jika zat yang terdispersi berupa zat
padat, disebut aerosol padat; jika zat yang terdispersi berupa zat cair,
disebut aerosol cair. Banyak produk dibuat dalam bentuk aerosol, seperti hair
spray, obat nyamuk semprot, parfum, cat semprot, dan lain-lain. Untuk
menghasilkan aerosol diperlukan suatubahan pendorong (propelan aerosol).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem koloid dari pertikel padat yang terdispersi
dalam zat cair disebut sol. Koloid jenis sol banyak kita jumpai dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari maupun dalam industri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Emulsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem koloid dari zat cair ynag terdispersi dalam zat
cair disebut emulsi. Syarat terjadinya emulsi ini adalah dua jenis zat cair itu
tidak saling melarutkan. Emulsi dapat digolongkan kedalam dua bagian, yaitu
emulsi minyak dalam air (M/A) dan emulsi air dalam minyak (A/M). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem koloid dari gas yang tedispersi dalam zat cair
disebut buih. Seperti halnya dengan emulsi,untuk menstabilkan buih diperlukan
zat pembuih. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid yang setengah kaku (antara padat dan cair)
disebut gel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat-Sifat Koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Efek Tyndall</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Efek Tyndall ialah gejala penghamburan berkas sinar
(cahaya) oleh partikel-partikel koloid. Hal ini disebabkan karena ukuran
molekul koloid yang cukup besar. Efek tyndall ini ditemukan oleh John
Tyndall(1820-1893), seorang ahli fisika Inggris. Oleh karena itu sifat itu
disebut efek tyndall.Efek tyndall adalah efek yang terjadi jika suatu larutan
terkena sinar. Pada saat larutan sejati (gambar kiri) disinari dengan
cahaya,maka larutan tersebut tidak akan menghamburkan cahaya,
sedangkan pada sistem koloid (gambar kanan), cahaya akan dihamburkan. hal
ituterjadi karena partikel-partikel koloid mempunyai partikel-partikel yang
relatif besar untuk dapat menghamburkan sinar tersebut.Sebaliknya, pada larutan
sejati, partikel-partikelnya relatif kecilsehingga hamburan yang terjadi hanya
sedikit dan sangat sulit diamati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gerak Brown</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gerak Brown ialah gerakan partikel-partikel koloid
yang senantiasa bergerak lurus tapi tidak menentu (gerak acak/tidak
beraturan). Jika kita amati koloid dibawah mikroskop ultra, maka kita akan
melihat bahwa partikel-partikel tersebut akan bergerak membentuk zigzag.
Pergerakan zigzag ini dinamakan gerak Brown. Partikel-partikel suatu zat
senantiasa bergerak. Gerakan tersebut dapat bersifat acak seperti pada
zat cair dan gas, atau hanya bervibrasi di tempat seperti pada zat padat. Untuk
koloid dengan medium pendispersi zat cair atau gas, pergerakan
partikel- partikel akan menghasilkan tumbukan dengan partikel-partikel
koloid itu sendiri. Tumbukan tersebut berlangsung dari segala arah. Oleh karena
ukuran partikel cukup kecil, maka tumbukan yang terjadi cenderung tidak
seimbang. Sehingga terdapat suatu resultan tumbukan yang menyebabkan perubahan
arah gerak partikel sehingga terjadi gerak zigzag atau gerak Brown. Semakin
kecil ukuran partikel koloid, semakin cepat gerak Brown terjadi. Demikian pula,
semakin besar ukuran partikel koloid, semakin lambat gerak Brown yang
terjadi. Hal ini menjelaskan mengapa gerak Brown sulit diamati dalam larutan
dan tidak ditemukan dalam zat padat (suspensi). Gerak Brown juga
dipengaruhi oleh suhu. Semakin tinggi suhu sistem koloid, maka semakin besar
energi kinetik yang dimiliki partikel-partikel medium pendispersinya.
Akibatnya, gerak Brown dari partikel-partikel fase terdispersinya semakin
cepat. Demikian pula sebaliknya, semakin rendah suhu sistem koloid, maka gerak
Brown semakin lambat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adsorbsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adsorpsi ialah peristiwa penyerapan partikel atau ion
atau senyawa lain pada permukaan partikel koloid yang disebabkan oleh
luasnya permukaan partikel. Dimana partikel-partikel sol padat ditempatkan
dalam zat cair atau gas, maka pertikel-partikel zat cair atau gas tersebut akan
terakumulasi pada permukaan zat padat tersebut. Beda halnya dengan absorpsi.
Absorpsi adalah fenomena menyerap semua partikel ke dalam sol padat bukan di
atas permukaannya, melainkan didalam sol padat tersebut. Partikel koloid sol
memiliki kemampuan untuk mengadsorpsi partikel-partikel pada permukaannya,
baik partikel netral atau bermuatan (kation atau anion) karena mempunyai
permukaan yang sangat luas. Contoh : (i) Koloid Fe(OH)3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bermuatan positif karena permukaannya menyerap
ion H+. (ii) Koloid As2S</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bermuatan negatif karena permukaannya menyerap ion S.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Muatan Koloid Sol Sifat koloid terpenting adalah
muatan partikel koloid. Semua partikel koloid memiliki muatan sejenis (positif
dan negatif).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maka terdapat gayatolak menolak antar partikel koloid.
Partikel koloid tidak dapat bergabung sehingga memberikan kestabilan pada
sistem koloid. Sistem koloid secara keseluruhan bersifat netral. Contohnya
sumber muatan koloid, kestabilan koloid, lapisan bermuatan ganda,
elektroforesis koloid sol, koagulasi,koloid liofil dan liofob.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Muatan Koloid Sol Partikel-partikel koloid mendapat
mutan listrik melalui dua cara, yaitu : Proses adsorpsi, partikel koloid dapat
mengadsorpsi partikel bermuatan dari fase pendispersinya. Jenis muatan
tergantung dari jenis partikel yang bermuatan. Partikel sol Fel (OH)3
kemampuan untuk mengadsorpsi kation dari medium pendisperinya sehingga
bermuatan positif, sedangkal partikel sol As2S3 mengadsorpsi anion dari
medium pendispersinya sehingga bermuatan negatif. Sol AgCI dalam
medium pendispersi dengan kation Ag+ berlebihan akan mengadsorpsi
Ag+ Sehingga bermuatan positif. Jika anion CI- berlebih, maka sol AgCI akan
mengadsorpsi ion CI- sehingga bermuatan positif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kestabilan Koloid Terdapat beberapa gaya pada sistem
koloid yang menentukan kestabilan koloid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gaya pertama ialah gaya tarik - menarik yang dikenal
dengan gaya London, Van der Waals. Gaya ini menyebabkan partikel -
partikel koloid berkumpul membentuk agregat dan akhirnya mengendap. Gaya kedua
ialah gaya tolak menolak. Gaya ini terjadi karena pertumpang tindihan lapisan
ganda listrik yang bermuatan sama.Gaya tolak - menolak tersebut akan membuat
dispersi koloid menjadi stabil. Gaya ketiga ialah gaya tarik - menarik antara
partikel koloid dengan medium pendispersinya. Terkadang, gaya ini dapat
menyebabkan terjadinya agregasi partikel koloid dan gaya ini juga dapat
meningkatkan kestabilan sistem koloid secara keseluruhan.Salah satu faktor yang
mempengaruhi stabilitas koloid ialah muatan permukaan koloid. Besarnya
muatan pada permukaan partikel dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi elektrolit dalam
medium pendispersi. Penambahan kation pada permukaan partikel koloid yang bermuatan
negatif akan menetralkan muatan tersebut dan menyebabkan koloid menjadi tidak
stabil. Banyak koloid yang harus dipertahankan dalam bentuk koloid untuk
penggunaannya. Contoh: es krim, tinta, cat. Untuk itu digunakan koloid
lain yang dapat membentuk lapisan di sekelilingkoloid tersebut. Koloid lain ini
disebut koloid pelindung. Contoh:gelatin pada sol Fe(OH)3.Untuk koloid yang
berupa emulsi dapat digunakan emulgator yaituzat yang dapat tertarik pada kedua
cairan yang membentuk emulsi.Contoh: sabun deterjen sebagai emulgator dari
emulsi minyak dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lapisan Bermuatan ganda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada awalnya, partikel-partikel koloid mempunyai
muatan yang sejenis yang didapatkannya dari ion yang diadsorpsi dari
medium pendispersinya. Apabila dalam larutan ditambahkan larutan
yang berbeda muatan dengan system koloid, maka sistem koloid itu akan
menarik muatan yang berbeda tersebut sehingga membentuk lapisan ganda.Lapisan
pertama ialah lapisan padat di mana muatan partikel koloid menarik ion-ion
dengan muatan berlawanan dari medium pendispersi.Sedangkan lapisan kedua berupa
lapisan difusi dimana muatan darimedium pendispersi terdifusi ke partikel
koloid.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Model lapisan berganda terse but dijelaskan pada
lapisan ganda Stern. Adanya lapisanini menyebabkan secara keseluruhan bersifat
netral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elektroforesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Elektroforesis adalah suatu
proses untuk menghitung berpindahnya ion atau partikel koloid bermuatan dalam
medium cair yang dipengaruhi oleh medan listrik. Yaitu, pergerakan partikel-partikel
koloid dalam medan listrik ke masing-masing elektrode. Prinsip kerja
elektroforesis digunakan untuk membersihkan asap hasil industri dengan alat
Cottrell.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koagulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Koagulasi adalah penggumpalan
partikel koloid dan membentuk endapan. Dengan terjadinya koagulasi,
berarti zat terdispersi tidak lagi membentuk koloid. Koloid akan mengalami
koagulasi dengan cara:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mekanik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara mekanik dilakukan dengan pemanasan, pendinginan
atau pengadukan cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kimia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 6.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan penambahan elektrolit (asam, basa, atau garam).
Contoh: susu, sirup masam-masam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kestabilan
Koloid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid Pelindung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid pelindung adalah koloid yang ditambahkan
kedalam sistem koloid agar menjadi stabil. Carakerja koloid pelindung adalah
dengan membentuk lapisan disekeliling partikel koloid yang dilindungi. koloid
pelindung pada emulsi disebut sebagai emuigator, tujuan penambahan zat ini
untuk menjaga agar tidak mudah terpisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dialisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses dialisis adalah pemisahan koloid dari ion-ion
pengganggu. Dalam proses ini, sistem koloid dimasukan kedalam bejana yang
berisi air mengalir. Kantong koloid terbuat dari selaput semipermiabel, yaitu
selaput yang dapat melewatkan partikel kecil seperti ion atau molekul
sederhana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid Liofil dan Koloid Liofob</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan sifat adsorpsi dari partikel koloid
terhadap medium pendispersinya, kita mengenal dua macam koloid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid Liofil </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid liofil yaitu koloid yang ´senang cairan´.
Partikel koloid akan mengadsorpsimolekul cairan, sehingga terbentuk selubung di
sekeliling partikel koloid itu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh
koloid liofil adalah kanji, protein, dan agar-agar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid Liofob</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid liofob yaitu koloid yang ´benci cairan´.
Partikel koloid tidak mengadsorpsi molekul cairan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh
koloid liofob adalah sol sulfidadan sol logam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri
koloid liofil dan liofob</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Liofil </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat dibuat langsung dengan
mencampurkan fase terdispersi dengan medium terdispersinya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempunyai muatan yang kecil atau
tidak bermuatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Partikel-partikel sol liofil
mengadsorpsi medium pendispersinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapat proses solvasi/
hidrasi, yaitu terbentuknya lapisan medium pendispersi yang teradsorpsi
disekeliling partikel sehingga menyebabkan partikel sol liofil tidak saling
bergabung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Viskositas sol liofil >
viskositas medium pendispersi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak mudah menggumpal dengan
penambahan elektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reversibel, artinya fase terdispersi
sol liofil dapat dipisahkan dengan koagulasi, kemudian dapat diubah kembali
menjadi sol dengan penambahan medium pendispersinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberikan efek Tyndall yang lemah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat bermigrasi ke anode, katode,
atau tidak bermigrasi sama sekali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Liofob</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak dapat dibuat hanya dengan
mencampur fase terdispersi dan medium pendisperinya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memiliki muatan positif atau
negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Partikel-partikel sol liofob
tidak mengadsorpsi medium pendispersinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Muatan partikel diperoleh dari
adsorpsi partikel- partikel ion yang bermuatan listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Viskositas sol hidrofob
hampir sama dengan viskositas medium pendispersi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah menggumpal
dengan penambahan elektrolit karena mempunyai muatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Irreversibel artinya sol liofob yang
telah menggumpal tidak dapat diubah menjadi sol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberikan efek Tyndall
yang jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akan bergerak ke anode atau katode,
tergantung jenis muatan partikel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">III.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat dan Bahan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat:
Bahan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemanas
Agar-agar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gelas Kimia
Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lumpang
Gula pasir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaduk
Fe(OH)3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cawan
FeCl3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabung
Reaksi
Minyak Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Larutan Sabun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Larutan Kalsium Asetat Jenuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
Alkohol 95%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">IV.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara
Kerja
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara kerja
pembuatan sol liofil dan liofob :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol agar-agar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panaskan
sesendok kecil agar-agar dengan 50 ml air. Kemudian dinginkan, dan panaskan
kembali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panaskan
sesendok kecil agar-agar dengan 100ml air. Kemudian dinginkan dan panaskan
kembali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panaskan
sesendok kecil agar-agar dengan 150ml air. Kemudian dinginkan dan panaskan
kembali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol belerang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan 1
sendok kecil hasil gerusan di atas dengan 50 sendok air, aduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan 1
sendok kecil hasil gerusan di atas dengan 100 sendok air,aduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan 1
sendok kecil hasil gerusan di atas dengan 150 sendok air,aduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara kerja
pembuatan sol dengan cara dispensi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan
satu takaran belerang dan satu takaran gula pasir dalam lumpang, gerus sampai
halus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ambilsatu
takaran dari campuran tersebut, tambahkan gula dan gerus lagi sampai halus,
teruskan sampai emapat kali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tuangkan
campuran terakhir ke dalam air dalam gelas kimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bandingkan
dengan campuran belerang yang tidakdi gerus dalam air</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara kerja
pembuatan sol dengan cara kondensasi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panaskan
50ml air dalam gelas kimia 100ml sampai mendidih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tambahkam 25
tetes larutan FeCl3 jenuh, aduk sampai larutan berwarna cokelat merah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara kerja
pembuatan emulsi dan gel :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Emulsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan 1
ml minyak tanah didalam tabung reaksi, kocok kuat-kuat dan simpan di rak
tabung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tambahkan 25
tetes larutan sabun, kocok kuat-kuat dan simpan di rak tabung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sediakan 15
ml larutan kalsium astat jenuh dalam gelas kikia 250ml. Tuangkan sekaligus 15
ml alkohol 95% ke dalam larutan tadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -50.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bakar
sedikit gel di dalam cawan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">V.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Data Pengamatan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan sol liofil dan liofib</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Sol
agar-agar</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Panaskan sesendok kecil agar-agar dengan 50 ml
air. Kemudian dinginkan, dan panaskan kembali.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
dipanaskan larutan agak mencair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
didinginkan larutan menjadi menggumpal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
dipanaskan kembali Larutan mencair.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Panaskan sesendok kecil agar-agar dengan
100 ml air. Kemudian dinginkan dan panaskan kembali.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
dipanaskan lar. agak mencair dan warnanya berubah menjadi hijau tua</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
didinginkan lar. menjadi menggumpal sebagian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
dipanaskan kembali lar. menjadi cair. </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Panaskan sesendok kecil agar-agar dengan
150 ml air. Kemudian dinginkan dan panaskan kembali.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 219.7pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
dipanaskan lar.menjadi cair</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
didinginkan lar. menjadi menggumpal sedikit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
dipanaskan kembali lar. mencair</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Sol
belerang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gerus 1
sendok kecil, belerang dengan 5 sendok kecil gula pasir sampai halus</span></div>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: middle; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Percobaan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamatan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan
1 sendok kecil hasil gerusan di atas dengan 50 sendok air, aduk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telihat endapan warna kuning. Sol
berwarna kuning jelas.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan
1 sendok kecil hasil gerusan di atas dengan 100 sendok air,aduk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telihat warna kuning samar-samar,
sol warna kuning.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.85pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan
1 sendok kecil hasil gerusan di atas dengan 150 sendok air, aduk.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.65pt;" valign="top" width="284">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: middle; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telihat kuning samar-samar warna
kuning, sol warna kuning </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Sol dengan cara dispersi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil Pengamatan</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 428.35pt;" width="571">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.
Belerang dalam air tidak terdispersi.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 428.35pt;" width="571">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.
Belerang dan gula air terdispersi.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 20.85pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 428.35pt;" width="571">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Gula
pasir sebagai medium dispersi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan sol Dengan kondensasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil
Pengamatan:</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 428.35pt;" width="571">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadaan
larutan yang terjadi saat cahaya datang, terlihat adanya lintasan cahaya pada
larutan.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 33.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 229.75pt;" width="306">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan
baha-bahan yang dibuat sitem koloid, jelaskan perbedaan antara pembuatan,
sistem koloid cara dispersi dan cara kondensasi!</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 198.6pt;" valign="top" width="265">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara
Dispersi adalah cara mengubah partikel kasar menjadi partikel koloid. Kalau
cara Kondensasi adalah cara pembuatan sistem koloid dengan mengubah partikel
sejati emnjadi partikel koloid.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan emulsi dan gel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Emulsi</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.3pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Percobaan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 194.65pt;" valign="top" width="260">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamatan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.3pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Campurkan
1 ml minyak tanah didalam tabung reaksi, kocok kuat-kuat dan simpan di rak
tabung.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 194.65pt;" valign="top" width="260">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadaan
campuran menjadi air dan minyak terpisah. Jadi sistem koloid dari zat cair
yang terdispersi dalam zat cair disebut emulsi.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 203.3pt;" valign="top" width="271">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tambahkan
25 tetes larutan sabun, kocok kuat-kuat dan simpan di rak tabung.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 194.65pt;" valign="top" width="260">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadaan
campuran menjadi minyak dan air terpisah, dipisahkan dengan warna hitam yang
timbul ditengahnya</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gel</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 204.5pt;" valign="top" width="273">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Percobaan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 193.45pt;" valign="top" width="258">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamatan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 73.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 73.55pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 204.5pt;" width="273">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sediakan
15 ml larutan kalsium astat jenuh dalam gelas kimia 250ml. Tuangkan sekaligus
15 ml alkohol 95% ke dalam larutan tadi.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 73.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 193.45pt;" width="258">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadaan
campuran menjadi gel, larutan gel.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 204.5pt;" width="273">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bakar
sedikit gel di dalam cawan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 193.45pt;" width="258">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil yang
terjadi disebut gel. Hasil pembakaran membentuk kerak warna putih kekuningan
membentuk zat padat warna putih.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VI.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanyaan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jelaskan tujuan penambahan medium pendipersi
yang berbeda-beda pada pembuatan sol agar-agar dan belerang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manakah dari kedua sol tersebut yang merupakan sol
liofil dan sol liofob!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebutkan perbedaan sol liofil dan sol liofob?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari sistem koloid tersebut, tentukan yang mana yang
dibuat dengan cara dispersi dan cara kondensasi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana pengaruh larutan sabun pada campuran minyak
dan air? dan Bertindak sebagai apa air sabun tersebut?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengapa kalsium asetat dengan alkohol membentuk gel?</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawab</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk membedakan penggumpalan atau perubahan warna
pada medium pendispersi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang termasuk sol liofil adalah Agar-agar, sedangkan
yang termasuk sol liofob adalah Belerang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol liofil adalah koloid yang fase pendispersinya suka
menarik medium pendispersinya, sedangkan sol liofib adalah koloid yang fase
terdispersinya tidak suka menarik medium pendispersinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang termasuk cara dispersi adalah pembentukan sol
belerang dengan penambahan gula dan air, sedangkan yang termasuk cara
kondensasi adalah sol belerang dalam air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Molekul sabun terdiri dari sebuah rantai
hidrokarbonpada satu ujung dan garam pada ujung yang lain.Karena rantai
hidrokarbon memiliki sifat nonpolar maka rantai hidrokarbon akan larut dalam
minyak sementara garam akan larut dalam zat polar(air) tetapi hubungan antara
garam dan rantai hidrokarbon tetap tidak putus sehingga satu molekul sabun akan
mengikat air dan minyak yang menyebabkan air dan minyak dapat bersatu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalsium asetat sukar larut dalam alkohol tetapi mudah
larut dalam air.<br />
Kalsium asetat perlu dilarutkan terlebih dahulu ke dalam air sampai terbentuk
larutan jenuh kalsium asetat, kemudian ditambah dengan pelarut alkohol
akibatnya terjadi pergantian pelarut antara pelarut air dan alkohol, karena
kalsium asetat sukar larut dalam alkohol terbentuk koloid yang berupa gel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">VII.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadinya
Efek Tyndall pada percobaan pembuatan sol dengan kondensasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembentukan
sol belerang dibuat dengan cara dispersi dengan mekanik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koloid dapat
dibuat melalui cara kondensasi dan dispersi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Emulsi
minyak dibuat dengan cara dispersi dengan penambahan Detergen/Sabun
.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar-agar
termasuk kedalam sol liofil (hidrofil), sedangkan belerang termasuk kedalam sol
liofob (hidrofob).<br />
<br />
Lampiran <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Sol Liofil dan Liofob</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol
Agar-agar</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFrXQN4fHu5p98RWFBFLlkhal06SAHEsgf9hm5q9o9DsO9uLLPIWlZHLgtEVIreZMOajRYTdjEjShhSYJxtfb2sPF84REwB3PlW75mLkNjaDnXDOg7oZCbydmM2ePYxe1ali-wrFfOLu_X/s1600/IMG00037-20120510-0951.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFrXQN4fHu5p98RWFBFLlkhal06SAHEsgf9hm5q9o9DsO9uLLPIWlZHLgtEVIreZMOajRYTdjEjShhSYJxtfb2sPF84REwB3PlW75mLkNjaDnXDOg7oZCbydmM2ePYxe1ali-wrFfOLu_X/s320/IMG00037-20120510-0951.jpg" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/MARDIA%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sol Belerang</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1KcWQS_JmiP4rfL9OPTCSB3kBiowCyziNfPSPheNfvsfbz-qL76XfUVyqfO_28fX76lVTUQT2OSNnu6iAqXX0dSokv0fYeUpGzo_ZRqX4MvkUzGi2IvKNsbiZC04apgJxRBXN7ANiaRh/s1600/Foto0236.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1KcWQS_JmiP4rfL9OPTCSB3kBiowCyziNfPSPheNfvsfbz-qL76XfUVyqfO_28fX76lVTUQT2OSNnu6iAqXX0dSokv0fYeUpGzo_ZRqX4MvkUzGi2IvKNsbiZC04apgJxRBXN7ANiaRh/s320/Foto0236.jpg" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/MARDIA%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMBlkKjpOW3j7WDj8Cx0XxcjPbjRN6TQsCmzLSwWKt7AJL8xRBQpYTHIw0NDc-FAtbQX30MZ0eU_CXkXqB-vuO3kYxO5_FIZdpg5bShe16h1_XIrRuz4B0yhiQj7j2vsPyvR9wV1Qr1ZPk/s1600/Foto0229.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMBlkKjpOW3j7WDj8Cx0XxcjPbjRN6TQsCmzLSwWKt7AJL8xRBQpYTHIw0NDc-FAtbQX30MZ0eU_CXkXqB-vuO3kYxO5_FIZdpg5bShe16h1_XIrRuz4B0yhiQj7j2vsPyvR9wV1Qr1ZPk/s320/Foto0229.jpg" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/MARDIA%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan
Sol dengan Cara Dispersi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvvEQlmsUhw3c72JgYGtC2BLZBqp4ENB6E5Z4qhkce9Up5Y5yHgq97kW8Z1nTrG3E1MwY-GG09taMaG7Z_D22pPEXzci5BDacDtLf0fmszRfUPgdSqtq5pKISn40KkUp8Gl9F_eG0BW38U/s1600/Foto0233.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvvEQlmsUhw3c72JgYGtC2BLZBqp4ENB6E5Z4qhkce9Up5Y5yHgq97kW8Z1nTrG3E1MwY-GG09taMaG7Z_D22pPEXzci5BDacDtLf0fmszRfUPgdSqtq5pKISn40KkUp8Gl9F_eG0BW38U/s320/Foto0233.jpg" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/MARDIA%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Sol dengan Kondensasi</span></div>
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